It’s important to know how much water flow to expect from every hoseline you deploy at a fire, especially if you have multiple sizes and lengths of hose available on your engine. Why? Because the BTU ...

Many researchers and subject matter experts (SMEs) agree that 1¾-inch interior handline flows should be between 150–160 gpm. The NFPA included a similar recommendation in NFPA 1710: Standard for the ...

Fireground size-up factors can have varying degrees of impact on a fire. Life safety is always the most important, but achieving all of our incident priorities is highly dependent on many factors: • ...

Operating handlines in a high-rise fire scenario has its difficulties. Because of their many pressure limitations, fire protection systems in high-rise buildings can create inadequate performing fire ...

Optimizing any cooling plant for minimal energy consumption is a demanding science. In many cases, minimizing chiller plant energy consumption requires modifications to the plant design, including ...

It can be used to estimate the rate of heat transfer into or out of a device that has a stream of water flowing through it at a known flow rate, and with a measured temperature change between the ...