Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a basic concept that is employed in many areas of electronics. PWM is a simple averaging method that is used in everything from microwave power percentages to LED ...

Analog transmission is not particularly efficient. When the signal-to-noise ratio of an analog signal deteriorates due to attenuation, amplifying the signal also amplifies noise. Digital signals are ...

Living systems are achieved by complex chemical reaction dynamics far from equilibrium, such as gene expression networks, signalling networks, metabolic circuits and neural networks. The design, ...