Reviewed by David KindnessFact checked by Yarilet PerezReviewed by David KindnessFact checked by Yarilet Perez In statistics, a p-value is defined as In statistics, a p-value indicates the likelihood ...

P values indicate how incompatible the observed data may be with a null hypothesis; “P<0.05” implies that a treatment effect or exposure association larger than that observed would occur less than 5% ...

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is most often used by researchers to test predictions, called hypotheses. The first step in ...

Geoff Cumming has received funding from the Australian Research Council. For researchers there’s a lot that turns on the p value, the number used to determine whether a result is statistically ...

Post-hoc testing is carried out after a statistical analysis where you have performed multiple significance tests, ‘post-hoc’ coming from the Latin “after this”. Post-hoc analysis represents a way to ...